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When inflation ends, the temperature returns to the pre-inflationary temperature; this is called reheating or thermalization because the large potential energy of the inflaton field decays into particles and fills the Universe with Standard Model particles, including electromagnetic radiation, starting the radiation dominated phase of the Universe.
Most inflationary models propose a scalar field called the inflaton field, with properties necessary for having (at least) two vacuum states. It is not known exactly when the inflationary epoch ended, but it is thought to have been between 10 −33 and 10 −32 seconds after the Big Bang. The rapid expansion of space meant that any potential ...
10 28 K ~ 10 22 K (10 15 ~ 10 9 GeV) Cosmic inflation expands space by a factor of the order of 10 26 over a time of the order of 10 −36 to 10 −32 seconds. The universe is supercooled from about 10 27 down to 10 22 Kelvins. [18] The strong interaction becomes distinct from the electroweak interaction. Electroweak epoch ends 10 −12 s 10 15 ...
The inflaton field is a hypothetical scalar field which is conjectured to have driven cosmic inflation in the very early universe. [1] [2] [3] The field, originally postulated by Alan Guth, [1] provides a mechanism by which a period of rapid expansion from 10 −35 to 10 −34 seconds after the initial expansion can be generated, forming a universe not inconsistent with observed spatial ...
The Big Bang explains the evolution of the universe from a starting density and temperature that is well beyond humanity's capability to replicate, so extrapolations to the most extreme conditions and earliest times are necessarily more speculative. Lemaître called this initial state the "primeval atom" while Gamow called the material "ylem ...
The history of the universe after inflation but before a time of about 1 second is largely unknown. [22] However, the universe is known to have been dominated by ultrarelativistic Standard Model particles, conventionally called radiation, by the time of neutrino decoupling at about 1 second. [23]
For the 12-month period ending in August 2022, the annual inflation rate was measured at 8.3% for the United States. This means the price of everyday essentials such as food, gas and living ...
Starobinsky inflation is a modification of general relativity used to explain cosmological inflation. It was the first model to describe how the universe could have gone through an extremely rapid period of exponential expansion.