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Kurt Lewin (/ l ɛ ˈ v iː n / lə-VEEN; 9 September 1890 – 12 February 1947) was a German-American psychologist, known as one of the modern pioneers of social, organizational, and applied psychology in the United States. [1]
While theory in colloquial usage may denote a hunch or conjecture, a scientific theory is a set of principles that explains an observable phenomenon in natural terms. [127] [128] "Scientific fact and theory are not categorically separable", [129] and evolution is a theory in the same sense as germ theory or the theory of gravitation. [130]
In the adaptive control literature, the learning rate is commonly referred to as gain. [2] In setting a learning rate, there is a trade-off between the rate of convergence and overshooting. While the descent direction is usually determined from the gradient of the loss function, the learning rate determines how big a step is taken in that ...
It was found that machine learning systems trained and validated on SD-3 suffered significant drops in performance on the test set. [12] The original dataset from MNIST contained 128x128 binary images. Each was size-normalized to fit in a 20x20 pixel box while preserving their aspect ratio, and anti-aliased to grayscale.
Major advances in this field can result from advances in learning algorithms (such as deep learning), computer hardware, and, less-intuitively, the availability of high-quality training datasets. [1] High-quality labeled training datasets for supervised and semi-supervised machine learning algorithms are usually difficult and expensive to ...
"Hubbert's peak" can refer to the peaking of production in a particular area, which has now been observed for many fields and regions. Hubbert's peak was thought to have been achieved in the United States contiguous 48 states (that is, excluding Alaska and Hawaii) in the early 1970s. Oil production peaked at 10.2 million barrels (1.62 × 10 ^ 6 m 3) per day in 1970 and then dec
This idea that leadership is based on individual attributes is known as the "trait theory of leadership". A number of works in the 19th century – when the traditional authority of monarchs, lords, and bishops had begun to wane – explored the trait theory at length: especially the writings of Thomas Carlyle and of Francis Galton.
Some learning consultants claim reviewing material in the first 24 hours after learning information is the optimum time to actively recall the content and reset the forgetting curve. [8] Evidence suggests waiting 10–20% of the time towards when the information will be needed is the optimum time for a single review.