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A common class of methods aims at assessing whether or not the inference yields valid results, regardless of the actually observed data. For instance, given a set of parameter values, which are typically drawn from the prior or the posterior distributions for a model, one can generate a large number of artificial datasets.
[8] [9] [10] As such, educational technology refers to all valid and reliable applied education sciences, such as equipment, as well as processes and procedures that are derived from scientific research, and in a given context may refer to theoretical, algorithmic or heuristic processes: it does not necessarily imply physical technology ...
According to the 2011 census, there were 10.1 million child labourers in the country, a decline of 2.6 million from 12.6 million in 2001. [ 354 ] Since 1991, economic inequality between India's states has consistently grown: the per-capita net state domestic product of the richest states in 2007 was 3.2 times that of the poorest. [ 355 ]
The final step, the 12th, focuses on maintaining the principles of recovery, sharing the message with other alcoholics, [6] and participating in "12th Step work," such as peer sponsorship, organizing meetings, and outreach to institutions like hospitals and prisons. [7]
With only 0.3% of the world's population, Australia contributed 4.1% of the world's published research in 2020, making it one of the top 10 research contributors in the world. [299] [300] CSIRO, Australia's national science agency, contributes 10% of all research in the country, while the rest is carried out by universities. [300]
It is a declared nuclear-weapons state, and is ranked amongst the emerging and growth-leading economies, [18] with a large and rapidly growing middle class. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Pakistan's political history since independence has been characterized by periods of significant economic and military growth as well as those of political and economic ...
All of science can be divided into three major branches, the formal sciences (e.g., logic and mathematics), which are concerned with formal systems, the applied sciences (e.g., engineering, medicine), which are focused on practical applications, and the empirical sciences, which are based on empirical observation and are in turn divided into ...
However, it does exercise some control over the executive. The members of the Council of Ministers, including the prime minister, are either chosen from parliament or elected there within six months of assuming office. [25] The council as a whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha. [26]