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Just as horsepower and candlepower were intuitive units of measure for people living through the transition from horse to steam power [3] and from flame-based to electric lighting, so was the ton of refrigeration an intuitive unit of measure during a technological change, as the ice trade gradually included growing percentages of artificial ice ...
In the domain of energy storage and conversion technologies, such as batteries, fuel cells, motors, and power supply units, power density is a crucial consideration. Here, power density often refers to the volume power density, quantifying how much power can be accommodated or delivered within a specific volume (W/m 3 ).
1–5 × 10 4 W tech: nominal power of clear channel AM [24] 1.00 × 10 4 W eco: average power consumption per person in the United States in 2008 (87,216 kWh/year) 1.4 × 10 4 W tech: average power consumption of an electric car on EPA's Highway test schedule [25] [26] 1.45 × 10 4 W astro: power per square metre received from the Sun at ...
Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU IT per hour, or 3,517 watts. [60]
Air-conditioner sizes are often given as "tons" of cooling, where 1 ton of cooling equals 12,000 BTU/h (3.5 kW). 1 ton of cooling equals the amount of power that needs to be applied continuously over a 24-hour period to melt 1 ton of ice. The annual cost of electric energy consumed by an air conditioner may be calculated as follows:
For AC-operated devices (e.g. coaxial cable, loudspeakers), there may even be two power ratings, a maximum (peak) power rating and an average power rating. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] For such devices, the peak power rating usually specifies the low frequency or pulse energy, while the average power rating limits high-frequency operation. [ 5 ]
The first residential AC was installed by 1914, and by the 1950s there was "widespread adoption of residential AC". [ 13 ] The invention of the components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the Industrial Revolution , and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly being introduced by companies and ...
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric active power (or the average of the rate of flow of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wattmeters are used for measurement of utility frequency and audio frequency power; other types are required for radio frequency measurements.