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Congenital syphilis is syphilis that occurs when a mother with untreated syphilis passes the infection to her baby during pregnancy or at birth. [4] It may present in the fetus , infant , or later. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] Clinical features vary and differ between early onset, that is presentation before 2-years of age, and late onset, presentation after ...
Inflammatory involvement of tertiary syphilis begins at the adventitia of the aortic arch which progressively causes obliterative endarteritis of the vasa vasorum. [3] This leads to narrowing of the lumen of the vasa vasorum, causing ischemic injury of the medial aortic arch and then finally loss of elastic support and dilation of the vessel. [3]
Involvement of the central nervous system in syphilis (either asymptomatic or symptomatic) can occur at any stage of the infection. [21] It may occur early, being either asymptomatic or in the form of syphilitic meningitis; or late as meningovascular syphilis, manifesting as general paresis or tabes dorsalis. [3]
Rates of congenital syphilis have decreased between the 1980 and 2000s due to better access to prenatal care. [16] A five-year study among 250 patients in each year among attendees in an STI clinic in West Bengal found significantly decreased(p<0.05) Syphilis prevalence from 10.8% (in 2004) to 3.6% (in 2008). [17]
Tabes dorsalis is caused by demyelination by advanced syphilis infection (tertiary syphilis) when the primary infection by the causative spirochete bacterium, Treponema pallidum, is left untreated for an extended period of time (past the point of blood infection by the organism). [3]
Treponema pallidum, formerly known as Spirochaeta pallida, is a microaerophilic, gram-negative, spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel (also known as endemic syphilis), and yaws. [1] It is known to be transmitted only among humans and baboons. [2]
The infection of the heart and vessels leads to meningovascular syphilis, which is usually presented during the secondary stage of syphilis. If syphilis is prolonged, it can affect the nervous system, which is known as neurosyphilis. [4] Meningeal syphilis is a component of neurosyphilis, which usually occurs in the tertiary stage of syphilis.
Hutchinson's teeth resulting from congenital syphilis. Hutchinson triad is a triad of signs that may be seen in late congenital syphilis, including: interstitial keratitis, malformed teeth (Hutchinson incisors and mulberry molars), and eighth nerve deafness. [1] [2] Late congenital syphilis typically manifests after 2 years of age. [3]