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Warning label on a tube of rat poison containing bromadiolone on a dike of the Scheldt river in Steendorp, Belgium. Bromadiolone is a potent anticoagulant rodenticide.It is a second-generation 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative and vitamin K antagonist, often called a "super-warfarin" for its added potency and tendency to accumulate in the liver of the poisoned organism.
Brodifacoum is a 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant, with a similar mode of action to its historical predecessors dicoumarol and warfarin.However, due to very high potency and long duration of action (elimination half-life of 20 – 130 days), it is characterised as a "second-generation" or "superwarfarin" anticoagulant.
[4] [5] This phenomenon of poison shyness is the rationale for poisons that kill only after multiple doses. Besides being directly toxic to the mammals that ingest them, including dogs, cats, and humans, many rodenticides present a secondary poisoning risk to animals that hunt or scavenge the dead corpses of rats. [6]
Permethrin is a medication and an insecticide. [6] [7] As a medication, it is used to treat scabies and lice. [8]It is applied to the skin as a cream or lotion. [6] As an insecticide, it can be sprayed onto outer clothing or mosquito nets to kill the insects that touch them.
The effectiveness of this treatment, as well as how long it is effective after ingestion, are subject to debate. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] According to one source, activated charcoal is only effective within one hour of poison being ingested, although the source does not regard strychnine specifically. [ 61 ]
The second type of poisoning is long-term high-level exposure, which can occur in pesticide formulators and manufacturers. The third type of poisoning is a long-term low-level exposure, which individuals are exposed to from sources such as pesticide residues in food as well as contact with pesticide residues in the air, water, soil, sediment ...
Cypermethrin is very toxic to cats which cannot tolerate the therapeutic doses for dogs. [6] This is associated with UGT1A6 deficiency in cats, the enzyme responsible for metabolizing cypermethrin. As a consequence, cypermethrin remains much longer in the cat's organs than in dogs or other mammals and can be fatal in large doses.
Cats may be poisoned by many chemicals usually considered safe by their human guardians, [citation needed] because their livers are less effective at some forms of detoxification. [31] [32] Some of the most common causes of poisoning in cats are antifreeze and rodent baits. [33] Cats may be particularly sensitive to environmental pollutants. [34]