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  2. Accelerator physics codes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_Physics_Codes

    A charged particle accelerator is a complex machine that takes elementary charged particles and accelerates them to very high energies. Accelerator physics is a field of physics encompassing all the aspects required to design and operate the equipment and to understand the resulting dynamics of the charged particles.

  3. Codes for electromagnetic scattering by spheres - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codes_for_electromagnetic...

    Codes which calculate exactly electromagnetic scattering by an aggregate of spheres in a single orientation or at an average over individual orientations. 2013 MSTM D. W. Mackowski [19] Fortran Codes which calculate exactly electromagnetic scattering by an aggregate of spheres and spheres within spheres for complex materials.

  4. Particle identification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_identification

    Particle identification is the process of using information left by a particle passing through a particle detector to identify the type of particle. Particle identification reduces backgrounds and improves measurement resolutions, and is essential to many analyses at particle detectors.

  5. Subatomic particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particle

    Even among particle physicists, the exact definition of a particle has diverse descriptions. These professional attempts at the definition of a particle include: [6] A particle is a collapsed wave function; A particle is a quantum excitation of a field; A particle is an irreducible representation of the Poincaré group; A particle is an ...

  6. Lichtenberg figure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtenberg_figure

    A lightning strike can also create a large Lichtenberg figure in grass surrounding the point struck. These are sometimes found on golf courses or in grassy meadows. [ 12 ] Branching root-shaped " fulgurite " mineral deposits may also be created as sand and soil are fused into glassy tubes by the intense heat of the current.

  7. Sprite (lightning) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(lightning)

    When a sufficiently large positive lightning strike carries charges to the ground, the cloud top is left with a strongly negative net charge. This can be modeled as a quasi-static electric dipole and for less than 10 milliseconds a strong electric field is generated in the region above the thunderstorm.

  8. Lightning strike - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_strike

    A lightning strike or lightning bolt is a lightning event in which an electric discharge takes place between the atmosphere and the ground. Most originate in a cumulonimbus cloud and terminate on the ground, called cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning.

  9. Heat lightning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_lightning

    The actual phenomenon that is sometimes called heat lightning is simply cloud-to-ground lightning that occurs very far away, with thunder that dissipates before it reaches the observer. [2] At night, it is possible to see the flashes of lightning from very far distances, up to 100 miles (160 km), but the sound does not carry that far. [3]