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The abducens nerve or abducent nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VI, or simply CN VI, is a cranial nerve in humans and various other animals that controls the movement of the lateral rectus muscle, one of the extraocular muscles responsible for outward gaze. It is a somatic efferent nerve.
Schematic representation of patellar tendon reflex (knee jerk) pathway. The patellar reflex, also called the knee reflex or knee-jerk, is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord. Many animals, most significantly humans, have been seen to have the patellar reflex, including dogs, cats, horses, and other ...
It is characterized by an unusually small knee cap that develops out of and above the joint. Typically, as the knee cap sits in the joint, it is stimulated to growth by abrasion from the opposing bones. When not situated properly in the joint, the knee cap does not experience such stimulation and remains small and undeveloped.
The corticospinal tracts myelinate largely during the first and second years after birth. The majority of nerve axons are small (<4μm) in diameter. About 3% of nerve axons have a much larger diameter (16μm) and arise from Betz cells, mostly in the leg area of the primary motor cortex. These cells are notable because of their rapid conduction ...
The oculomotor nerve controls all the muscles that move the eye except for the lateral rectus and superior oblique muscles. It also serves to constrict the pupil and open the eyelid. The onset of a diabetic third nerve palsy is usually abrupt, beginning with frontal or pain around the eye and then double vision. All the oculomotor muscles ...
Patellar tendon rupture is a tear of the tendon that connects the knee cap (patella) to the tibia. [1] Often there is sudden onset of pain and walking is difficult. [1] In a complete rupture, the ability to extend that knee is decreased. [1] A pop may be felt when it occurs. [2]
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS; not to be confused with jumper's knee) is knee pain as a result of problems between the kneecap and the femur. [4] The pain is generally in the front of the knee and comes on gradually. [2] [4] Pain may worsen with sitting down with a bent knee for long periods of time, excessive use, or climbing and ...
There are several types of inflammation that can cause knee pain, including sprains, bursitis, and injuries to the meniscus. [9] A diagnosis of prepatellar bursitis can be made based on a physical examination and the presence of risk factors in the person's medical history ; swelling and tenderness at the front of the knee, combined with a ...