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While cytokinin action in vascular plants is described as pleiotropic, this class of plant hormones specifically induces the transition from apical growth to growth via a three-faced apical cell in moss protonema. This bud induction can be pinpointed to differentiation of a specific single cell, and thus is a very specific effect of cytokinin. [18]
The T h 0 cells will then differentiate into T h 1 or T h 2 cells depending on cytokine environment. IFN-γ drives T h 1 cell production while IL-10 and IL-4 inhibit T h 1 cell production. Conversely, IL-4 drives T h 2 cell production and IFN-γ inhibits T h 2 cells. These cytokines are pleiotropic and carry out many other functions of the ...
T cells are one of the important types of white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface. T cells are born from hematopoietic stem cells, [1] found in the bone marrow.
The effect of a particular cytokine on a given cell depends on the cytokine, its extracellular abundance, the presence and abundance of the complementary receptor on the cell surface, and downstream signals activated by receptor binding; these last two factors can vary by cell type. Cytokines are characterized by considerable redundancy, in ...
Like other 'unconventional' T cell subsets bearing invariant T cell receptors (TCRs), such as CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T cells, γδ T cells exhibit characteristics that place them at the border between innate and adaptive immunity. γδ T cells may be considered a component of adaptive immunity in that they rearrange TCR genes to produce ...
An inflammatory cytokine is a type of cytokine (a signaling molecule) that is secreted from immune cells and certain other cell types that promotes inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by T helper cells (T h) and macrophages and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions. [1]
They are produced by a group of T helper cell known as T helper 17 cell in response to their stimulation with IL-23. Originally, Th17 was identified in 1993 by Rouvier et al. who isolated IL17A transcript from a rodent T-cell hybridoma. [3] The protein encoded by IL17A is a founding member of IL-17 family (see below).
Chemokines (from Ancient Greek χῠμείᾱ (khumeíā) ' alchemy ' and κῑ́νησῐς (kī́nēsis) ' movement '), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells.