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The commonly known phases solid, liquid and vapor are separated by phase boundaries, i.e. pressure–temperature combinations where two phases can coexist. At the triple point, all three phases can coexist. However, the liquid–vapor boundary terminates in an endpoint at some critical temperature T c and critical pressure p c. This is the ...
A PES is a conceptual tool for aiding the analysis of molecular geometry and chemical reaction dynamics.Once the necessary points are evaluated on a PES, the points can be classified according to the first and second derivatives of the energy with respect to position, which respectively are the gradient and the curvature.
In relation to two contacting objects, the contact area is the part of the nominal area that consists of atoms of one object in true contact with the atoms of the other object. Because objects are never perfectly flat due to asperities , the actual contact area (on a microscopic scale) is usually much less than the contact area apparent on a ...
The external surface area A of the cap equals r2 only if solid angle of the cone is exactly 1 steradian. Hence, in this figure θ = A/2 and r = 1. The solid angle of a cone with its apex at the apex of the solid angle, and with apex angle 2 θ, is the area of a spherical cap on a unit sphere
These two types of mixtures result in very different graphs. Another type of binary phase diagram is a boiling-point diagram for a mixture of two components, i. e. chemical compounds . For two particular volatile components at a certain pressure such as atmospheric pressure , a boiling-point diagram shows what vapor (gas) compositions are in ...
In physical chemistry and chemical engineering, extent of reaction is a quantity that measures the extent to which the reaction has proceeded. Often, it refers specifically to the value of the extent of reaction when equilibrium has been reached.
The barn is also the unit of area used in nuclear quadrupole resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance to quantify the interaction of a nucleus with an electric field gradient. While the barn never was an SI unit, the SI standards body acknowledged it in the 8th SI Brochure (superseded in 2019) due to its use in particle physics .
Two externally tangent ellipses. The one anisotropic shape whose excluded volume can be expressed analytically is the spherocylinder; the solution of this problem is a classic work by Onsager. [6] The problem was tackled by considering the distance between two line segments, which are the center lines of the capped cylinders.