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  2. Glutamic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid

    Glutamic acid is produced on the largest scale of any amino acid, with an estimated annual production of about 1.5 million tons in 2006. [18] Chemical synthesis was supplanted by the aerobic fermentation of sugars and ammonia in the 1950s, with the organism Corynebacterium glutamicum (also known as Brevibacterium flavum ) being the most widely ...

  3. Corynebacterium glutamicum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynebacterium_glutamicum

    Corynebacterium glutamicum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is used industrially for large-scale production of amino acids, [3] [4] especially glutamic acid and lysine. [5] While originally identified in a screen for organisms secreting L-glutamate , mutants of C. glutamicum have also been identified that produce various other ...

  4. γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine

    γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine, also known as γ-glutamylcysteine (GGC), is a dipeptide found in animals, plants, fungi, some bacteria, and archaea.It has a relatively unusual γ-bond between the constituent amino acids, L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine and is a key intermediate in the γ-glutamyl cycle first described by Meister in the 1970s.

  5. Deamidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamidation

    Typically, asparagine is converted to aspartic acid or isoaspartic acid. Glutamine is converted to glutamic acid or pyroglutamic acid (5-oxoproline). In a protein or peptide, these reactions are important because they may alter its structure, stability or function and may lead to protein degradation. The net chemical change is the addition of a ...

  6. Industrial fermentation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_fermentation

    It is well established in the field of industrial microbiology that what works well at the laboratory scale may work poorly or not at all when first attempted at large scale. It is generally not possible to take fermentation conditions that have worked in the laboratory and blindly apply them to industrial scale equipment. Although many ...

  7. Starvation response - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation_response

    Starvation response in animals (including humans) is a set of adaptive biochemical and physiological changes, triggered by lack of food or extreme weight loss, in which the body seeks to conserve energy by reducing metabolic rate and/or non-resting energy expenditure to prolong survival and preserve body fat and lean mass.

  8. Glutamate transporter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_transporter

    The family of glutamate transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) family. In the brain, EAATs remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft and extrasynaptic sites via glutamate reuptake into glial cells and neurons , while VGLUTs move glutamate ...

  9. Amino acid synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis

    Most amino acids are synthesized from α-ketoacids, and later transaminated from another amino acid, usually glutamate. The enzyme involved in this reaction is an aminotransferase. α-ketoacid + glutamate ⇄ amino acid + α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate itself is formed by amination of α-ketoglutarate: α-ketoglutarate + NH + 4 ⇄ glutamate