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the mass–energy equivalence formula which gives the energy in terms of the momentum and the rest mass of a particle. The equation for the mass shell is also often written in terms of the four-momentum ; in Einstein notation with metric signature (+,−,−,−) and units where the speed of light c = 1 {\displaystyle c=1} , as p μ p μ ≡ p ...
The energy that a physical body possesses due to its motion, defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity. The body continues to maintain this kinetic energy unless its velocity changes. Contrast potential energy. Kirchhoff's circuit laws. Also called Kirchhoff's rules or simply Kirchhoff's laws.
kinetic energy: joule (J) wave vector: radian per meter (m −1) Boltzmann constant: joule per kelvin (J/K) wavenumber: radian per meter (m −1) stiffness: newton per meter (N⋅m −1) ^ Cartesian z-axis basis unit vector unitless angular momentum
In physics and chemistry, it is common to measure energy on the atomic scale in the non-SI, but convenient, units electronvolts (eV). 1 eV is equivalent to the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 volt in a vacuum. It is common to use the SI magnitude prefixes (e.g. milli-, mega- etc) with ...
Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by conservative forces over a distance is measured as the work the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during the transfer is called heat.
Also acid ionization constant or acidity constant. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases. acid ...
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibria.
Chemical energy is the energy of chemical substances that is released when the substances undergo a chemical reaction and transform into other substances. Some examples of storage media of chemical energy include batteries, [1] food, and gasoline (as well as oxygen gas, which is of high chemical energy due to its relatively weak double bond [2] and indispensable for chemical-energy release in ...