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An oncovirus or oncogenic virus is a virus that can cause cancer. [4] This term originated from studies of acutely transforming retroviruses in the 1950–60s, [ 5 ] when the term oncornaviruses was used to denote their RNA virus origin. [ 6 ]
Cancer cells and virus-infected cells have similar alterations in their cell signalling pathways, particularly those that govern progression through the cell cycle. [84] A viral gene whose function is to alter a pathway is dispensable in cells where the pathway is defective, but not in cells where the pathway is active. [citation needed]
Illustration of how a normal cell is converted to a cancer cell, when an oncogene becomes activated. An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. [1] In tumor cells, these genes are often mutated, or expressed at high levels. [2]
Herpesviruses also cause cancer in animals, especially leukemias and lymphomas. [13] Human T cell lymphotropic virus was the first human retrovirus discovered by Robert Gallo and colleagues at NIH. [20] The virus causes Adult T-cell leukemia, a disease first described by Takatsuki and colleagues in Japan [21] and other neurological diseases ...
The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis. DNA damage is considered to be the primary cause of cancer. [17] More than 60,000 new naturally-occurring instances of DNA damage arise, on average, per human cell, per day, due to endogenous cellular processes (see article DNA damage (naturally occurring)).
Depending on the virus, a variety of genetic changes can occur in the host cell. In the case of a lytic cycle virus, the cell will only survive long enough to the replication machinery to be used to create additional viral units. In other cases, the viral DNA will persist within the host cell and replicate as the cell replicates.
Many viruses replicate by altering the cell cycle and exploiting the same pathways that are altered in cancer cells. [43] E1B proteins produced by adenoviruses protect the infected cell by binding to and degrading the p53 transcription factors, [44] preventing it from targeting the cell for apoptosis. This allows the virus to replicate, package ...
Further research done later on by others showed that RSV was a type of retrovirus.It was found that the v-Src gene in RSV is required for the formation of cancer. [3]A function for Src tyrosine kinases in normal cell growth was first demonstrated with the binding of family member p56lck to the cytoplasmic tail of the CD4 and CD8 co-receptors on T-cells. [4]