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Emergy is the amount of energy consumed in direct and indirect transformations to make a product or service. [1] Emergy is a measure of quality differences between different forms of energy. Emergy is an expression of all the energy used in the work processes that generate a product or service in units of one type of energy.
The direct labour cost is the cost of workers who can be easily identified with the unit of production. Types of labour who are considered to be part of the direct labour cost are the assembly workers on an assembly line.
In the direct labor cost we need to have the job time and wage we will pay it to the worker to calculate the direct labor cost as in this formulation: [1] - = Depending on the context, there are various methods to calculate personnel costs, such as on an hourly or daily basis.
For a business which produces clothing, variable cost would include the direct material, i.e., cloth, and the direct labor. If the business uses a room, a sewing machine , and 8 hours of a laborer's time with 6 yards of cloth to make a shirt, then the cost of labor and cloth increases if two shirts are produced, and those are the variable costs.
A direct job is employment created to fulfill the demand for a product or service. [1] An indirect job is a job that exists to produce the goods and services needed by the workers with direct jobs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Indirect employment includes the things need direct on the job as well as jobs produced because of the worker's needs (e.g., uniforms ).
For example, increased automation has reduced labor, which is a direct cost, but has increased depreciation, which is an indirect cost. Like manufacturing industries, financial institutions have diverse products and customers, which can cause cross-product, cross-customer subsidies. Since personnel expenses represent the largest single ...
Within an enterprise, for example, there were many tasks that had to be performed, such as cleaning, record keeping, and bookkeeping, and repairs, which did not directly contribute to producing and increasing wealth in the sense of making a net addition to it – in other words, such tasks represented a net cost to the enterprise which had to ...
Labor-power might be seen as a stock which can produce a flow of labor. Labor, not labor power, is the key factor of production for Marx and the basis for earlier economists' labor theory of value. The hiring of labor power only results in the production of goods or services ("use-values") when organized and regulated (often by the "management ...