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The air permeability specific surface of a powder material is a single-parameter measurement of the fineness of the powder. The specific surface is derived from the resistance to flow of air (or some other gas) through a porous bed of the powder. The SI units are m 2 ·kg −1 ("mass specific surface") or m 2 ·m −3 ("volume specific surface").
A practical unit for permeability is the darcy (d), or more commonly the millidarcy (md) (1 d ≈ 10 −12 m 2). The name honors the French Engineer Henry Darcy who first described the flow of water through sand filters for potable water supply. Permeability values for most materials commonly range typically from a fraction to several thousand ...
Scratches, represented by triangular-shaped grooves, make the surface area greater. Specific surface area (SSA) is a property of solids defined as the total surface area (SA) of a material per unit mass, [1] (with units of m 2 /kg or m 2 /g). Alternatively, it may be defined as SA per solid or bulk volume [2] [3] (units of m 2 /m 3 or m −1).
Permeation can also be measured through intermittent contact. This method involves taking a sample of the test chemical and placing it on the surface of the material whose permeability is being observed while adding or removing specific amounts of the test chemical.
It causes an obstruction to the flow of water in the pores and hence reduces the permeability of soils. According to Casagrande, it may be taken as the void ratio occupied by absorbed water and the permeability may be roughly assumed to be proportional to the square of the net voids ratio of (e - 0.1) [4]
Although the Blaine air permeability method is often preferred, due to its simplicity and low cost, the nitrogen BET method is also used. When hydrated cement hardens, the calcium silicate hydrate (or C-S-H), which is responsible for the hardening reaction, has a large specific surface area because of its high porosity.
The absolute permeability number, which has no units, is determined by the rate of flow of air, under standard pressure, through a rammed cylindrical specimen. DIN standards define the specimen dimensions to be 50 mm in diameter and 50 mm tall, [ 2 ] while the American Foundry Society defines it to be two inches in diameter and two inches tall.
Porosity of surface soil typically decreases as particle size increases. This is due to soil aggregate formation in finer textured surface soils when subject to soil biological processes. Aggregation involves particulate adhesion and higher resistance to compaction. Typical bulk density of sandy soil is between 1.5 and 1.7 g/cm 3. This ...