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Bellman's contribution is remembered in the name of the Bellman equation, a central result of dynamic programming which restates an optimization problem in recursive form. Bellman explains the reasoning behind the term dynamic programming in his autobiography, Eye of the Hurricane: An Autobiography: I spent the Fall quarter (of 1950) at RAND ...
Because economic applications of dynamic programming usually result in a Bellman equation that is a difference equation, economists refer to dynamic programming as a "recursive method" and a subfield of recursive economics is now recognized within economics.
Stochastic dynamic programs can be solved to optimality by using backward recursion or forward recursion algorithms. Memoization is typically employed to enhance performance. However, like deterministic dynamic programming also its stochastic variant suffers from the curse of dimensionality .
This is top-down dynamic programming. The following bottom-up approach [2] computes, for each 2 ≤ k ≤ n, the minimum costs of all subsequences of length k using the costs of smaller subsequences already computed. It has the same asymptotic runtime and requires no recursion. Pseudocode:
Recursive drawing of a Sierpiński Triangle through turtle graphics. In computer science, recursion is a method of solving a computational problem where the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem. [1] [2] Recursion solves such recursive problems by using functions that call themselves from within their own code ...
A contrary approach is dynamic programming. This approach serves as a bottom-up approach, where problems are solved by solving larger and larger instances, until the desired size is reached. A classic example of recursion is the definition of the factorial function, given here in Python code:
Dynamic problem For an initial set of N numbers, dynamically maintain the maximal one when insertion and deletions are allowed. A well-known solution for this problem is using a self-balancing binary search tree. It takes space O(N), may be initially constructed in time O(N log N) and provides insertion, deletion and query times in O(log N).
Apply dynamic programming to this path decomposition to find a longest path in time (!), where is the number of vertices in the graph. Since the output path has length at least as large as d {\displaystyle d} , the running time is also bounded by O ( ℓ ! 2 ℓ n ) {\displaystyle O(\ell !2^{\ell }n)} , where ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } is the ...