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The std::string class is the standard representation for a text string since C++98. The class provides some typical string operations like comparison, concatenation, find and replace, and a function for obtaining substrings. An std::string can be constructed from a C-style string, and a C-style string can also be obtained from one. [7]
This was recognized as a defect in the standard and fixed in C++.) [4] C++11 and C11 add two types with explicit widths char16_t and char32_t. [ 5 ] Variable-width encodings can be used in both byte strings and wide strings.
<string> Provides the C++ standard string classes and templates. <string_view> Added in C++17. Provides class template std::basic_string_view, an immutable non-owning view to any string. <regex> Added in C++11. Provides utilities for pattern matching strings using regular expressions.
The length of a string can also be stored explicitly, for example by prefixing the string with the length as a byte value. This convention is used in many Pascal dialects; as a consequence, some people call such a string a Pascal string or P-string. Storing the string length as byte limits the maximum string length to 255.
"The width of wchar_t is compiler-specific and can be as small as 8 bits. Consequently, programs that need to be portable across any C or C++ compiler should not use wchar_t for storing Unicode text. The wchar_t type is intended for storing compiler-defined wide characters, which may be Unicode characters in some compilers." [6]
C character classification is a group of operations in the C standard library that test a character for membership in a particular class of characters; such as alphabetic, control, etc. Both single-byte, and wide characters are supported. [1]
The standard variable [2] can be formed as fixed data such as a Boolean, Integer or Decimal and a variable length variable such as an ASCII string, wide character string or a binary string. The type of the data can be used to define variable or the type can be explicitly declared, so for example the code - variable myInteger = 0; will create a ...
%I2 indicates an integer of width 2 (the order of the format specification's field width and type is reversed compared to C's printf); %I5 indicates an integer of width 5; *N is a BCPL language escape sequence representing a newline character (for which C uses the escape sequence \n ).