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  2. Adynaton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adynaton

    Adynaton (/ ˌ æ d ɪ ˈ n ɑː t ɒ n,-t ən /; [1] plural adynata) is a figure of speech in the form of hyperbole taken to such extreme lengths as to insinuate a complete impossibility: [2] I will sooner have a beard grow in the palm of my hand than he shall get one on his cheek. [3]

  3. List of paradoxes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paradoxes

    For example, some unicellular organisms have genomes much larger than that of humans. Cole's paradox: Even a tiny fecundity advantage of one additional offspring would favor the evolution of semelparity. Gray's paradox: Despite their relatively small muscle mass, dolphins can swim at high speeds and obtain large accelerations.

  4. Unity of opposites - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_of_opposites

    For example, 'upward' cannot exist unless there is a 'downward', they are opposites but they co-substantiate one another, their unity is that either one exists because the opposite is necessary for the existence of the other, one manifests immediately with the other.

  5. Paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox

    When this recursion creates a metaphysical impossibility through contradiction, the regress or circularity is vicious. Again, the liar paradox is an instructive example: "This statement is false"—if the statement is true, then the statement is false, thereby making the statement true, thereby making the statement false, and so on. [15] [18]

  6. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    [88] (opposite of appeal to tradition) Appeal to poverty (argumentum ad Lazarum) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is poor (or refuting because the arguer is wealthy). (Opposite of appeal to wealth.) [89] Appeal to tradition (argumentum ad antiquitatem) – a conclusion supported solely because it has long been held to be true. [90]

  7. Proof of impossibility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility

    One of the widely used types of impossibility proof is proof by contradiction.In this type of proof, it is shown that if a proposition, such as a solution to a particular class of equations, is assumed to hold, then via deduction two mutually contradictory things can be shown to hold, such as a number being both even and odd or both negative and positive.

  8. Reductio ad absurdum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum

    Reductio ad absurdum, painting by John Pettie exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1884. In logic, reductio ad absurdum (Latin for "reduction to absurdity"), also known as argumentum ad absurdum (Latin for "argument to absurdity") or apagogical argument, is the form of argument that attempts to establish a claim by showing that the opposite scenario would lead to absurdity or contradiction.

  9. Zeno's paradoxes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno's_paradoxes

    Zeno's arguments may then be early examples of a method of proof called reductio ad absurdum, also known as proof by contradiction. Thus Plato has Zeno say the purpose of the paradoxes "is to show that their hypothesis that existences are many, if properly followed up, leads to still more absurd results than the hypothesis that they are one."