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  2. Proof of impossibility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility

    In contrast, a non-constructive proof of an impossibility claim would proceed by showing it is logically contradictory for all possible counterexamples to be invalid: at least one of the items on a list of possible counterexamples must actually be a valid counterexample to the impossibility conjecture. For example, a conjecture that it is ...

  3. List of paradoxes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paradoxes

    For example, some unicellular organisms have genomes much larger than that of humans. Cole's paradox: Even a tiny fecundity advantage of one additional offspring would favor the evolution of semelparity. Gray's paradox: Despite their relatively small muscle mass, dolphins can swim at high speeds and obtain large accelerations.

  4. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    [88] (opposite of appeal to tradition) Appeal to poverty (argumentum ad Lazarum) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is poor (or refuting because the arguer is wealthy). (Opposite of appeal to wealth.) [89] Appeal to tradition (argumentum ad antiquitatem) – a conclusion supported solely because it has long been held to be true. [90]

  5. Impossibility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossibility

    Epistemic impossibility, in modal logic a statement that cannot be true, given what we know; Subjunctive impossibility, types of statement that cannot be true based on various types of subjunctive modality Logical impossibility, a statement that contains a logical contradiction; Impossible world, a concept in philosophical logic

  6. Paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox

    When this recursion creates a metaphysical impossibility through contradiction, the regress or circularity is vicious. Again, the liar paradox is an instructive example: "This statement is false"—if the statement is true, then the statement is false, thereby making the statement true, thereby making the statement false, and so on. [15] [18]

  7. Adynaton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adynaton

    Adynaton (/ ˌ æ d ɪ ˈ n ɑː t ɒ n,-t ən /; [1] plural adynata) is a figure of speech in the form of hyperbole taken to such extreme lengths as to insinuate a complete impossibility: [2] I will sooner have a beard grow in the palm of my hand than he shall get one on his cheek. [3]

  8. Unpaired word - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpaired_word

    An unpaired word is one that, according to the usual rules of the language, would appear to have a related word but does not. [1] Such words usually have a prefix or suffix that would imply that there is an antonym, with the prefix or suffix being absent or opposite.

  9. List of idioms of improbability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_idioms_of...

    Its most common use is in response to an affirmative statement, for example "I saw Mrs. Smith exercising, I swear!" to which the response given would be something like, "Yeah right, and cows fly". Other variations slightly fallen into disuse include cuando las ranas crien pelo ("when frogs grow hair") and cuando San Juan agache el dedo ("when ...