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In the vertebrate immune system, each antibody is customized to attack one particular antigen (foreign proteins and carbohydrates) without attacking the body itself. The human genome has at most 30,000 genes, and yet it generates millions of different antibodies, which allows it to be able to respond to invasion from millions of different antigens.
The Le gene encodes a fucosyltransferase that adds fucose to type 1 precursor substance (both free in serum and in secretions) to make the Le(a) antigen. The le gene is an amorph. The Lewis antigen produced on free type 1 precursor substance passively adsorbs onto the surfaces or red blood cells. [2]
Random rearrangements and recombinations of the gene segments at DNA level to form one kappa or lambda light chain occurs in an orderly fashion. As a result, "a functional variable region gene of a light chain contains two coding segments that are separated by a non-coding DNA sequence in unrearranged germ-line DNA" (Barbara et al., 2007).
The V regions each contain 3 hypervariable regions that make up the antigen-binding site. gamma/delta (γδ) T cells: Their TCR is also a heterodimer of a gamma chain paired with a delta chain. They show characteristics of both innate immune response and acquired immune response; hence, regarded as the bridging between the two immune systems.
A person can have 2 antigen proteins per genetic-locus (one gene from each parent). When first discovered, identified antigens were clustered, creating groups in which no more than two antigens per cluster were found in a given person. Serotype group "A" consisted HL-A1, A2, A3, A9, A10, A11. Another cluster, "B", contained A7, A8, A12, A13 ...
The part of the antigen that immunoglobulin or antibodies bind to is called a B-cell epitope. [11] B cell epitopes can be divided into two groups: conformational or linear. [11] B cell epitopes are mainly conformational. [12] [13] There are additional epitope types when the quaternary structure is considered. [13]
Only one type of light chain is present in a typical antibody, thus the two light chains of an individual antibody are identical. Each light chain is composed of two tandem immunoglobulin domains: one constant (C L) domain; one variable domain (V L) that is important for binding antigen
A null allele is a gene variant that lacks the gene's normal function because it either is not expressed, or the expressed protein is inactive. For example, at the gene locus for the ABO blood type carbohydrate antigens in humans, [13] classical genetics recognizes three alleles, I A, I B, and i, which determine compatibility of blood transfusions.