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The cis-AB phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens. The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A 1 or B red blood cells, which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group. [33]
A complete blood type would describe each of the 45 blood groups, and an individual's blood type is one of many possible combinations of blood-group antigens. [3] Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life, but very rarely an individual's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection, malignancy, or autoimmune disease.
The B allele encodes α-1,3-galactosyl transferase (B-transferase), which catalyzes the transfer of Gal residues from the UDP-Gal donor nucleotide to the Gal residues of the acceptor H antigen, converting the H antigen into B antigen in B and AB individuals.
The term human blood group systems is defined by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens—in particular, those on blood cells—are "controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them", [1] and include the common ABO and Rh ...
When a naïve or memory B cell is activated by an antigen, it proliferates and differentiates into an antibody-secreting effector cell, known as a plasmablast or plasma cell. [2] In addition, B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells, APCs) and secrete cytokines. [1]
The expression of ABO blood group antigens is determined by the interaction of three genes: the ABO gene, which controls expression of the A and B antigens; the FUT1 or H gene, which controls expression of the H antigen, the precursor of ABO antigens; and the secretor gene, FUT2 or Se.
Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction. The antigens and antibodies combine by a process called agglutination.
HLA-B (major histocompatibility complex, class I, B) is a human gene that provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in the immune system.HLA-B is part of a family of genes called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex.