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An outcome measure, endpoint, effect measure or measure of effect is a measure within medical practice or research, (primarily clinical trials) which is used to assess the effect, both positive and negative, of an intervention or treatment. [1] [2] Measures can often be quantified using effect sizes. [3]
In its purest form, measurement of health outcomes implies identifying the context (diagnosis, demographics etc.), measuring health status before an intervention is carried out, measuring the intervention, measuring health status again and then plausibly relating the change to the intervention.
Improper reporting of health related outcomes: Many hospitals/healthcare providers do not properly report outcomes creating bias in studies. Lack of interpretability of measures/incorporation into clinical practice : Clinicians must be educated about the usefulness of outcome measures, and outcome measures must be easy to include into daily ...
The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [1] (PROMIS) provides clinicians and researchers access to reliable, valid, and flexible measures of health status that assess physical, mental, and social well–being from the patient perspective. PROMIS measures are standardized, allowing for assessment of many patient-reported ...
The average treatment effect (ATE) is a measure used to compare treatments (or interventions) in randomized experiments, evaluation of policy interventions, and medical trials. The ATE measures the difference in mean (average) outcomes between units assigned to the treatment and units assigned to the control.
There are efforts to define core sets of patient-relevant outcome variables to be measured in clinical trials in general [28] and for multi-modal pain therapy. [29] Meanwhile, a core outcome measure set based on PROMS was developed with routine data and validated for operationalizing success in multimodal pain therapy. [30]
Core outcome sets are commonly used by clinical investigators who conduct clinical trials for the treatment of a health condition. [2] [3] [4] The patient population associated with a particular core outcome set may vary, as some apply to all patients with that health condition and others apply to a small subset of that population. [2]
The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) defines rigorous impact evaluations as: "analyses that measure the net change in outcomes for a particular group of people that can be attributed to a specific program using the best methodology available, feasible and appropriate to the evaluation question that is being investigated and ...