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Adding connections from the base of the wood-framed structure to the foundation is almost always an important part of a seismic retrofit. Bracing the cripple-walls to resist side-to-side forces is essential in houses with cripple walls; bracing is usually done with plywood. Oriented strand board (OSB) does not perform as consistently as plywood ...
Reinforced hollow masonry wall. A construction system where steel reinforcement is embedded in the mortar joints of masonry or placed in holes and that are filled with concrete or grout is called reinforced masonry. [55] There are various practices and techniques to reinforce masonry. The most common type is the reinforced hollow unit masonry.
The association conducts various classes. Some programs include Masonry Foreman Development, Basic Masonry Estimating, Masonry Quality Institute, and other topics such as Masonry Wall Bracing and Understanding Masonry Codes and Standards. The MCAA provides information on careers in masonry to students, parents and high schools.
Diagonal bracing remains a vital interior part of many roof systems, and in-wall wind braces are required by building codes in many municipalities or by individual state laws in the United States. Special framed shear walls are becoming more common to help buildings meet the requirements of earthquake engineering and wind engineering.
In hybrid masonry, the masonry panels take the place of conventional steel bracing, utilizing the structural properties of reinforced concrete masonry walls. The system was first introduced by David Biggs, PE in 2007 at the 10th North American Masonry Conference and was based on historical masonry construction [ 1 ] and the practice of ...
A typical timber shear wall consists of braced panels in the wall line, constructed using structural plywood sheathing, specific nailing at the edges, and supporting framing. A shear wall is an element of a structurally engineered system that is designed to resist in- plane lateral forces, typically wind and seismic loads.
The latter performs the same functions of the infill wall, hygro-thermically and acoustically, but performs static functions too. The use of masonry infill walls, and to some extent veneer walls, especially in reinforced concrete frame structures, is common in many countries. In fact, the use of masonry infill walls offers an economical and ...
EN 1996-1-2 deals with the design of masonry structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure, and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1996-1-1, EN 1996-2, 1996-3 and EN 1991-1-2. This part only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design and it deals only with passive methods of fire protection.