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However, some historians have argued that women's advocates in Vietnam "have been weakened in the post-reunification era due in part to the implementation of free market reforms in a nondemocratic political context." [67] The resource constraints were detrimental to women's rights, as was the political atmosphere after the war. The new state ...
A gender quota is a quota used by countries and parties to increase women's representation or substantive equality based on gender in legislatures. [1] Women are largely underrepresented in parliaments and account for a 26.9% average in parliaments globally. [2] As of November 2021, gender quotas have been adopted in 132 countries. [3]
If this is a common occurrence across different constituencies and electoral districts, the gender breakdown of the final electoral body will often still be skewed. [4] Some studies have argued both genders tend to be evenly-placed within party lists, making the zipper system unnecessary, but research on this topic is mixed. [8] [18] [19]
The politics of Vietnam is dominated by a single party under an authoritarian system, the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). The President of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Chủ tịch nước ) is the head of state , and the Prime Minister of Vietnam is the head of government .
Quotaism [1] [2] [3] is the concept of organizing society by a quota system, whether by racial, gender, language or another demographic attribute. Examples of quotas include gender quotas, racial quota, and reservations. The basic premise is to have demographics represented at all levels and aspects of the civilization according to national ...
According to International Idea's Gender Quota Database Archived 2019-06-08 at the Wayback Machine, there are three types of gender quotas: Reserved seats, Legal candidate quotas and Political party quotas. [32] The quota system places the responsibility of creating more diversity on those doing the recruiting rather than on individual women. [32]
Elections in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam are held under a one-party political system led by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). Direct elections occurred at both the local and national levels to elect members of the People's Councils and the National Assembly, with all candidate nominations pre-approved by the CPV-led Vietnamese Fatherland Front. [1]
For instance, some critics in this arena believe that gender quotas and debate regarding them does not represent real or substantive gains for women. [47] Similarly, some criticisms of gender quotas, including all-women shortlists, argue that even with quotas in place, societal norms discouraging women from holding leadership positions still ...