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The plant is poisonous, containing cardiostimulant compounds such as adonidin and aconitic acid. [42] Aesculus hippocastanum: horse-chestnut, buckeye, conker tree Sapindaceae: All parts of the raw plant are poisonous due to saponins and glycosides such as aesculin, causing nausea, muscle twitches, and sometimes paralysis. [43] Agave spp.
Sheep seem to be poisoned most often due to their grazing behavior as they pull up and consume the entire plant. [2] Moist conditions are more conducive to cattle poisoning as it makes it easier to extract the plant from the soil. [2] Humans have also fallen victim to zygacine poisoning by mistaking the death camas for other edible plants.
The term is also used to describe toxic chemicals produced by plants themselves, which function as defensive agents against their predators. Most examples pertaining to this definition of phytotoxin are members of various classes of specialised or secondary metabolites , including alkaloids , terpenes , and especially phenolics , though not all ...
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Dogbane, dog-bane, dog's bane, [citation needed] and other variations, some of them regional and some transient, are names for certain plants that are reputed to kill or repel dogs; "bane" originally meant "slayer", and was later applied to plants to indicate that they were poisonous to particular creatures. [citation needed]
The toxic principle in the plant is oenanthotoxin, a polyunsaturated higher alcohol that is a potent convulsant and works by blocking the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the brain. The plant is very poisonous to humans and livestock and can cause death if poisoning is left untreated after ingestion.
The lethal dose of green plant material is between 0.6% and 6.0% of an animal's body weight. [35] In experiments with sheep it was among the most poisonous of members of its genus with just 0.4% of green material by body weight causing symptoms, close to the 0.2% of Toxicoscordion nuttallii .
Animals can also be poisoned if the toxic plant material is in pellets, or harvested with grain. [ 1 ] [ 7 ] Echites umbellatus , belonging to the dogbane family Apocynaceae and having the English common name Devil's potato , has recently been found to contain lycopsamine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids.