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  2. Ocean stratification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_stratification

    The increased warming in the upper ocean reduces the density of the upper ≈500 m of water, while deeper water does not experience as much warming and as great a decrease in density. Thus, the stratification in the upper layers will change more than in the lower layers, and these strengthening vertical density gradients act as barriers ...

  3. General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Bathymetric_Chart...

    The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) is a publicly available bathymetric chart of the world's oceans. The project was conceived with the aim of preparing a global series of charts showing the general shape of the seafloor. Over the years it has become a reference map of the bathymetry of the world's oceans for scientists and others.

  4. Ocean dynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_dynamics

    The deep ocean is both cold and dark with generally weak velocities (although limited areas of the deep ocean are known to have significant recirculations). The deep ocean is supplied with water from the upper ocean in only a few limited geographical regions: the subpolar North Atlantic and several sinking regions around the Antarctic. Because ...

  5. Effects of climate change on oceans - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change...

    The stratified layers limit how much vertical water mixing takes place, reducing the exchange of heat, carbon, oxygen and particles between the upper ocean and the interior. [54] Since 1970, there has been an increase in stratification in the upper ocean due to global warming and, in some areas, salinity changes. [14]

  6. Physical oceanography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_oceanography

    WOA surface density. Because the vast majority of the world ocean's volume is deep water, the mean temperature of seawater is low; roughly 75% of the ocean's volume has a temperature from 0° – 5 °C (Pinet 1996). The same percentage falls in a salinity range between 34 and 35 ppt (3.4–3.5%) (Pinet 1996).

  7. Oceanic physical-biological process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_physical...

    Water forms the ocean, produces the high density fluid environment and greatly affects the oceanic organisms. Sea water produces buoyancy and provides support for plants and animals. That's the reason why in the ocean organisms can be that huge like the blue whale and macrophytes. And the densities or rigidities of the oceanic organisms are ...

  8. Halocline - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocline

    Plot of temperature and salinity in the Arctic Ocean at 85,18 north and 117,28 east dated Jan. 1st 2010. [4] In the graphical representation, three layers can be discerned: About 50 m (160 ft) of low salinity water "swimming" on top of the ocean. The temperature is −1.8 °C (28.8 °F), which is very near to the freezing point.

  9. Stratification (water) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification_(water)

    The driving force in stratification is gravity, which sorts adjacent arbitrary volumes of water by local density, operating on them by buoyancy and weight.A volume of water of lower density than the surroundings will have a resultant buoyant force lifting it upwards, and a volume with higher density will be pulled down by the weight which will be greater than the resultant buoyant forces ...