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Latin was once the universal academic language in Europe. From the 18th century, authors started using their mother tongues to write books, papers or proceedings. Even when Latin fell out of use, many Latin abbreviations continued to be used due to their precise simplicity and Latin's status as a learned language. [citation needed]
Ibid. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning ' in the same place ', commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to idem, literally meaning ' the same ', abbreviated id., which is commonly used in legal ...
The abbreviation of a word to its first consecutive letters or to several letters, from throughout the word. Both forms of abbreviation are called suspensions (as the scribe suspends the writing of the word). A separate form of abbreviation is by contraction and was mostly a Christian usage for sacred words, or Nomina Sacra; non-Christian sigla ...
The following list contains a selection from the Latin abbreviations that occur in the writings and inscriptions of the Romans. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A few other non-classical Latin abbreviations are added. Contents:
Loc. cit. (Latin, short for loco citato, meaning "in the place cited") is a footnote or endnote term used to repeat the title and page number for a given work (and author). Loc. cit. is used in place of ibid. when the reference is not only to the work immediately preceding, but also refers to the same page.
The abbreviation is used in an endnote or footnote to refer the reader to a cited work, standing in for repetition of the full title of the work. [1] Op. cit. thus refers the reader to the bibliography, where the full citation of the work can be found, or to a full citation given in a previous footnote.
Both for Greek and for Latin texts, in both the systems referred to above, abbreviations are conventionally based on the Latin name of the author and title of the work. For instance, Aristophanes' Frogs is abbreviated "Ra." or "Ran." (from Ranae) and Horace's Odes are abbreviated "Carm." (from Carmina). This is due to the former status of Latin ...
Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos (narrow) and graphein (to write).