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Isobutyl formate (2-methylpropyl methanoate) is an organic ester with the chemical formula C 5 H 10 O 2.It is formed by the Fischer esterification of isobutanol with formic acid, with the aid of an acid catalyst.
The 1 H NMR spectrum at 25 °C and neutral pH is a singlet at 1.08 ppm. [ citation needed ] Pivalic acid is employed as co-catalyst in some palladium -catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions.
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Spectroradiometry is a technique in Earth and planetary remote sensing, which makes use of light behaviour, specifically how light energy is reflected, emitted, and scattered by substances, to explore their properties in the electromagnetic (light) spectrum and identify or differentiate between them. [1]
It is an example of Fortran code that performs a variety of spectral line analysis and spectrum synthesis tasks under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. Moog uses a model photosphere together with a list of atomic or molecular transitions to generate an emergent spectrum by solving the equation of radiative transfer .
There are efforts for intercomparison of radiation codes. One such project was ICRCCM (Intercomparison of Radiation Codes in Climate Models) effort that spanned the late 1980s – early 2000s. The more current (2011) project, Continual Intercomparison of Radiation Codes, emphasises also using observations to define intercomparison cases. [2]
The first versions of SMARTS were developed by Dr. Gueymard while he was at the Florida Solar Energy Center. [2] [3] [4] The model employed a structure similar to the earlier SPCTRAL2 model, still offered by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (), but with finer spectral resolution, as well as updated extraterrestrial spectrum and transmittance functions.
These codes were able to transport neutrons and photons for specialized LANL applications. In 1977, these separate codes were combined to create the first generalized Monte Carlo radiation particle transport code, MCNP. [8] [9] In 1977, MCNP was first created by merging MCNG with MCP to create MCNP. The first release of the MCNP code was ...