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For example, the anatomy of the respiratory system of birds, guinea pigs, and reptiles makes it difficult to induce and maintain anesthesia solely with inhalation agents such as isoflurane and sevoflurane. Injectable drugs such as sedatives or tranquilizers are often used in these patients to facilitate induction and maintenance of anesthesia.
Rodent cocktail is an anesthetic mixture used for rodents in research. The injectable, clear liquid is a mixture of ketamine, xylazine, and acepromazine. [1] The ratio used depends on the species of rodent. This mixture is often preferred by researchers because of its low mortality in rodents, its relatively quick recovery time (one hour after ...
In birds, some temperature control occurs in the respiratory system. [16] Water vapor heats cool air during inhalation in the trachea, and increases its humidity. [16] The resulting evaporative water loss varies greatly and depends on several factors including air sac pressure and the subsequent rate of air flow through the trachea.
Sevoflurane is an inhaled anesthetic that is often used to induce and maintain anesthesia in children for surgery. [17] During the process of awakening from the medication, it has been associated with a high incidence (>30%) of agitation and delirium in preschool children undergoing minor noninvasive surgery. [ 17 ]
An inhalational anesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anesthetic properties that is delivered via inhalation. They are administered through a face mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube connected to an anesthetic vaporiser and an anesthetic delivery system.
An anaesthetic machine (British English) or anesthesia machine (American English) is a medical device used to generate and mix a fresh gas flow of medical gases and inhalational anaesthetic agents for the purpose of inducing and maintaining anaesthesia.
Birds are capable of producing continuous song during both inhalation and exhalation, and may sing continuously for several minutes. [11] For example, the skylark (Alauda arvensis) is capable of producing non-stop song for up to one hour. [12] Some birds change their song characteristics during inhalation versus exhalation.
English: The respiratory system in a bird, showing lungs, abdominal air sac, anterior thoracic air sac, cervical air sac, clavicular air sa, humeral diverticulum of the clavicular air sac, paranasal sinus, posterior thoracic air sac, paratympanic sinus, and trachea.