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Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), gammaxene, Gammallin and benzene hexachloride (BHC), [3] is an organochlorine chemical and an isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane that has been used both as an agricultural insecticide and as a pharmaceutical treatment for lice and scabies.
First line treatment usually contains permethrin and is available over the counter. [3] Two rounds of treatment at least a week apart are usually required to kill newly hatched nymphs. [5] Washing bedding and clothing in hot water kills the lice, and transmission can be prevented by avoiding sexual contact until no signs of infestation exist.
Benzyl benzoate is an organic compound which is used as a medication and insect repellent. [1] As a medication it is used to treat scabies and lice. [2] For scabies either permethrin or malathion is typically preferred. [3] It is applied to the skin as a lotion. [2] Typically two to three applications are needed. [2]
Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug. [7] After its discovery in 1975, [8] its first uses were in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat heartworm and acariasis. [9] Approved for human use in 1987, [10] it is used to treat infestations including head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis and lymphatic filariasis.
Symptoms may continue for two to four weeks following treatment. [13] If after this time symptoms continue, retreatment may be needed. [13] Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children, along with ringworm and bacterial skin infections. [15] As of 2015, it affects about 204 million people (2.8% of the world population). [9]
Mites which colonize human skin are the cause of several types of itchy skin rashes, such as gamasoidosis, [51] rodent mite dermatitis, [52] grain itch, [53] grocer's itch, [53] and scabies; Sarcoptes scabiei is a parasitic mite responsible for scabies, which is one of the three most common skin disorders in children. [54]
For example, the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants recently added lindane to the list of chemicals to be eliminated by ratified countries; however, there is a specific exemption for public health uses of pharmaceutical lindane for second-line treatment of scabies and lice.
Plague (Yersinia pestis): Has historically been used as the first-line treatment. However streptomycin is approved for this purpose only by the US Food and Drug Administration. [medical citation needed] In veterinary medicine, streptomycin is the first-line antibiotic for use against gram negative bacteria in large animals (horses, cattle ...