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Here d denotes the exterior derivative – a natural coordinate- and metric-independent differential operator acting on forms, and the (dual) Hodge star operator is a linear transformation from the space of 2-forms to the space of (4 − 2)-forms defined by the metric in Minkowski space (in four dimensions even by any metric conformal to this ...
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
Electrohydrodynamics deals with interaction of electromagnetic fields with weakly conductive fluids [486] and ferrohydrodynamics deals with interaction of electromagnetic fields with magnetic fluids. Today magnetohydrodynamics and its related fields have many applications in plasma physics , electrical engineering , mechanical engineering ...
Interface conditions describe the behaviour of electromagnetic fields; electric field, electric displacement field, and the magnetic field at the interface of two materials. The differential forms of these equations require that there is always an open neighbourhood around the point to which they are applied, otherwise the vector fields and H ...
Analogously, Coulomb's law is the fundamental law that describes the force that charged objects exert on one another. It is given by the formula = where F is the force, k e is the Coulomb constant, q 1 and q 2 are the magnitudes of the two charges, and r 2 is the square of the distance between them. It describes the fact that like charges repel ...
The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules. Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, which are distinct but closely intertwined phenomena. Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles.
The third equation [C] relates the electromagnetic field to electromagnetic force. The rest of the equations [D] to [L] relates the electromagnetic field to material data: the current and charge densities as well as the material medium. Here the twelve Maxwell's equations have been given, respecting the original notations used by Maxwell.
Examples of the dynamic fields of electromagnetic radiation (in order of increasing frequency): radio waves, microwaves, light (infrared, visible light and ultraviolet), x-rays and gamma rays. In the field of particle physics this electromagnetic radiation is the manifestation of the electromagnetic interaction between charged particles.