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Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase mitochondrial numbers. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was first described by John Holloszy in the 1960s, when it was discovered that physical endurance training induced higher mitochondrial content levels, leading to greater glucose uptake by muscles. [ 3 ]
Mitogens can be either endogenous or exogenous factors. Endogenous mitogens function to control cell division is a normal and necessary part of the life cycle of multicellular organisms. For example, in zebrafish, an endogenous mitogen Nrg1 is produced in response to indications of heart damage. When it is expressed, it causes the outer layers ...
The amount of mitochondria per cell also varies by cell type, with some examples being: Erythrocytes: 0 mitochondria per cell. [1] Lymphocytes: 3 mitochondria per cell. [7] Egg cell: Mature metaphase II egg cells can contain 100,000 mitochondria, and 50,000–1,500,000 copies of the mitochondrial genome (corresponding to up to 90% of the egg ...
For example, mitochondria in liver cells contain enzymes that allow them to detoxify ammonia, a waste product of protein metabolism. A mutation in the genes regulating any of these functions can result in mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial proteins (proteins transcribed from mitochondrial DNA) vary depending on the tissue and the species.
PGC-1α provides a direct link between external physiological stimuli and the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, and is a major factor causing slow-twitch rather than fast-twitch muscle fiber types. [10] Endurance exercise has been shown to activate the PGC-1α gene in human skeletal muscle. [11]
Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis is essential for cellular respiration and mitochondrial biogenesis. [31] A role as a mediator in intracellular signal transduction is also assumed, as the levels of bioactive lipids, such as lysophospholipids and sphingolipids , correlate with mtFASII.
Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living systems. [1] This is an active area of biological research that includes the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms and the study of thousands of different cellular processes such as cellular respiration and the many other metabolic and enzymatic processes that lead to ...
Mitochondrial dynamics in different cells are understood by the way in which these proteins regulate and bind to each other. [2] These GTPases in control of mitochondrial fusion are well conserved between mammals, flies, and yeast. Mitochondrial fusion mediators differ between the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria.