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Therefore, the total number of reads generated in a single experiment is typically normalized by converting counts to fragments, reads, or counts per million mapped reads (FPM, RPM, or CPM). The difference between RPM and FPM was historically derived during the evolution from single-end sequencing of fragments to paired-end sequencing.
Sequencing technologies vary in the length of reads produced. Reads of length 20-40 base pairs (bp) are referred to as ultra-short. [2] Typical sequencers produce read lengths in the range of 100-500 bp. [3] However, Pacific Biosciences platforms produce read lengths of approximately 1500 bp. [4] Read length is a factor which can affect the results of biological studies. [5]
Fast gapped aligner and reference-guided assembler. Aligns reads using a banded Smith-Waterman algorithm seeded by results from a k-mer hashing scheme. Supports reads ranging in size from very short to very long. Yes MPscan Fast aligner based on a filtration strategy (no indexing, use q-grams and Backward Nondeterministic DAWG Matching) [47] 2009
Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at 0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor. Note that the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of 0.101325 MPa (1 atm ), which is the average atmospheric pressure.
14] Water can be classified by the level of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the water: Fresh water: TDS is less than 1,000 ppm. Brackish water: TDS = 1,000 to 10,000 ppm. Saline water: TDS = 10,000 to 35,000 ppm. Hypersaline: TDS greater than 35,000 ppm. Drinking water generally has a TDS below 500 ppm.
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C [citation needed] [clarification needed] 1.968: 0.708: Kinetic energy penetrator [clarification needed] 1.9: 30: battery, Lithium–Sulfur [15] 1.80 [16] 1.26: battery, Fluoride-ion [citation needed] 1.7: 2.8: battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell [17] 1.62: Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.6: 1.6
The specific weight, also known as the unit weight (symbol γ, the Greek letter gamma), is a volume-specific quantity defined as the weight W divided by the volume V of a material: = / Equivalently, it may also be formulated as the product of density, ρ, and gravity acceleration, g: = Its unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI) is newton per cubic metre (N/m 3), with ...
Water potential is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis , gravity , mechanical pressure and matrix effects such as capillary action (which is caused by surface tension ).