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In mathematics, the tombstone, halmos, end-of-proof, or Q.E.D. symbol "∎" (or " ") is a symbol used to denote the end of a proof, in place of the traditional abbreviation "Q.E.D." for the Latin phrase "quod erat demonstrandum". It is inspired by the typographic practice of end marks, an element that marks the end of an article. [1] [2]
Symbol Name Symbol(s) Meaning Example of Use Dele: Delete: Pilcrow (Unicode U+00B6) ¶ Begin new paragraph: Pilcrow (Unicode U+00B6) ¶ no: Remove paragraph break: Caret [a] (Unicode U+2038, 2041, 2380) ‸ or ⁁ or ⎀ Insert # Insert space: Close up (Unicode U+2050) ⁐ Tie words together, eliminating a space: I was reading the news⁐paper ...
In the AMS Theorem Environment for LaTeX, the hollow square is the default end-of-proof symbol. Unicode explicitly provides the "end of proof" character, U+220E (∎). Some authors use other Unicode symbols to note the end of a proof, including, (U+25AE, a black vertical rectangle), and ‣ (U+2023, a triangular bullet).
The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics. Additionally, the subsequent columns contains an informal explanation, a short example, the Unicode location, the name for use in HTML documents, [1] and the LaTeX symbol.
The Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B block (U+2980–U+29FF) contains miscellaneous mathematical symbols, including brackets, angles, and circle symbols. Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B [1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
Among the fonts in widespread use, [6] [7] full implementation is provided by Segoe UI Symbol and significant partial implementation of this range is provided by Arial Unicode MS and Lucida Sans Unicode, which include coverage for 83% (80 out of 96) and 82% (79 out of 96) of the symbols, respectively.
√ (square-root symbol) Denotes square root and is read as the square root of. Rarely used in modern mathematics without a horizontal bar delimiting the width of its argument (see the next item). For example, √2. √ (radical symbol) 1. Denotes square root and is read as the square root of.
Code page 371, [28] registered for use with ISO/IEC 2022 as ISO-IR-68, [29] [5] is a 7-bit heavily modified ASCII, designed by the APL Working Group of the Canadian Standards Association, intended for use with APL in an environment allowing overstriking of characters using the BS (backspace, 0x08) control code.