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The word "butyl" is derived from butyric acid, a four-carbon carboxylic acid found in rancid butter. [1] The name "butyric acid" comes from Latin butyrum , butter . Subsequent preferred IUPAC names for alkyl radicals in the series are simply named from the Greek number that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the group: pentyl , hexyl ...
Above: Newman projection; below: depiction of spatial orientation. In chemistry, rotamers are chemical species that differ from one another primarily due to rotations about one or more single bonds. Various arrangements of atoms in a molecule that differ by rotation about single bonds can also be referred to as different conformations ...
The Cram's rule of asymmetric induction named after Donald J. Cram states In certain non-catalytic reactions that diastereomer will predominate, which could be formed by the approach of the entering group from the least hindered side when the rotational conformation of the C-C bond is such that the double bond is flanked by the two least bulky groups attached to the adjacent asymmetric center. [3]
A Newman projection is a drawing that helps visualize the 3-dimensional structure of a molecule. [1] This projection most commonly sights down a carbon-carbon bond, making it a very useful way to visualize the stereochemistry of alkanes.
The Flippin–Lodge angle is one of two angles used by organic and biological chemists studying the relationship between a molecule's chemical structure and ways that it reacts, for reactions involving "attack" of an electron-rich reacting species, the nucleophile, on an electron-poor reacting species, the electrophile.
Figure 11: Mechanism of a pinacol rearrangement. The C–C bonding orbital is aligned with the C–O anti-bonding orbital, which facilitates the methyl shift. H–A is a generic acid. In the pinacol rearrangement, a methyl group is found anti-periplanar to an activated alcohol functional group.
Alternately, all four groups can be ranked by Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules, with overall priority given to the two groups on the "front" atom of the Newman projection. The two configurations determined in this way are termed R a and S a , in analogy to the traditional R / S for a traditional tetrahedral stereocenter.
In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions regardless of the rest of the molecule's composition.