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Pre-test probability and post-test probability (alternatively spelled pretest and posttest probability) are the probabilities of the presence of a condition (such as a disease) before and after a diagnostic test, respectively. Post-test probability, in turn, can be positive or negative, depending on whether the test falls out as a positive test ...
In evidence-based medicine, likelihood ratios are used for assessing the value of performing a diagnostic test. They use the sensitivity and specificity of the test to determine whether a test result usefully changes the probability that a condition (such as a disease state) exists. The first description of the use of likelihood ratios for ...
A nomogram (from Greek νόμος (nomos) 'law' and γραμμή (grammē) 'line'), also called a nomograph, alignment chart, or abac, is a graphical calculating device, a two-dimensional diagram designed to allow the approximate graphical computation of a mathematical function.
When an individual being tested has a different pre-test probability of having a condition than the control groups used to establish the PPV and NPV, the PPV and NPV are generally distinguished from the positive and negative post-test probabilities, with the PPV and NPV referring to the ones established by the control groups, and the post-test ...
Naranjo algorithm. The Naranjo algorithm, Naranjo Scale, or Naranjo Nomogram is a questionnaire designed by Naranjo et al. for determining the likelihood of whether an adverse drug reaction (ADR) is actually due to the drug rather than the result of other factors. Probability is assigned via a score termed definite, probable, possible or doubtful.
When categorical data has only two possibilities, it is called binary or dichotomous. [ 1 ] Assumptions, parametric and non-parametric: There are two groups of statistical tests, parametric and non-parametric. The choice between these two groups needs to be justified. Parametric tests assume that the data follow a particular distribution ...
To rule out an enlarged spleen, a pretest probability of 30% or less will yield a negative predictive value over 90% (calculation) Given the paucity of physical exam findings to evaluate possible splenomegaly, Castell's sign is the most sensitive, and is thus a good tool to teach in an advanced-type physical diagnosis course.
The sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) is a specific sequential hypothesis test, developed by Abraham Wald [1] and later proven to be optimal by Wald and Jacob Wolfowitz. [2] Neyman and Pearson's 1933 result inspired Wald to reformulate it as a sequential analysis problem. The Neyman-Pearson lemma, by contrast, offers a rule of thumb for ...