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In geometry, a normal is an object (e.g. a line, ray, or vector) that is perpendicular to a given object. For example, the normal line to a plane curve at a given point is the line perpendicular to the tangent line to the curve at the point. A normal vector of length one is called a unit normal vector.
The normal section of a surface at a particular point is the curve produced by the intersection of that surface with a normal plane. [1] [2] [3] The curvature of the normal section is called the normal curvature. If the surface is bow or cylinder shaped, the maximum and the minimum of these curvatures are the principal curvatures.
Normal map (a) is baked from 78,642 triangle model (b) onto 768 triangle model (c). This results in a render of the 768 triangle model, (d). In 3D computer graphics, normal mapping, or Dot3 bump mapping, is a texture mapping technique used for faking the lighting of bumps and dents – an implementation of bump mapping.
In computer-aided design the constructed design is represented by a boundary representation topological model, where analytical 3D surfaces and curves, limited to faces, edges, and vertices, constitute a continuous boundary of a 3D body. Arbitrary 3D bodies are often too complicated to analyze directly.
A normal plane at p is one that contains the normal vector, and will therefore also contain a unique direction tangent to the surface and cut the surface in a plane curve, called normal section. This curve will in general have different curvatures for different normal planes at p. The principal curvatures at p, denoted k 1 and k 2, are the ...
The Frenet–Serret frame: tangent in red, the (Frenet) normal in cyan and binormal in purple. The Darboux frame: the tangent in red, the surface normal in blue, and tangent normal in green. Projections along the surface normal and tangent normal shows plane curves whose curvatures are the geodesic curvature and normal curvature respectively.
The graph of a Gaussian is a characteristic symmetric "bell curve" shape. The parameter a is the height of the curve's peak, b is the position of the center of the peak, and c (the standard deviation, sometimes called the Gaussian RMS width) controls the width of the "bell".
In mathematics it is a common convention to express the normal as a unit vector, but the above argument holds for a normal vector of any non-zero length. Conversely, it is easily shown that if a , b , c , and d are constants and a , b , and c are not all zero, then the graph of the equation a x + b y + c z + d = 0 , {\displaystyle ax+by+cz+d=0 ...
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