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Urinary flow may be blocked by swelling of the prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia), traumatic disruption of the urethra, congenital defects of the urinary tract, or by obstructions such as kidney stones passed into the urethra, and cancer. It is also a common treatment used among spinal cord injury patients who are unable or unwilling to ...
Cisplatin and gemcitabine treatment may be associated with less severe side effects. [5] Up to half of people with bladder cancer are not able to take these chemotherapy treatments due to their overall health. Taxanes or vinflunine have been used as second-line therapy (after progression on a platinum containing chemotherapy). [16]
Stapedectomy is a surgical procedure in which the stapes bone is removed from the middle ear and replaced with a prosthesis. If the stapes footplate is fixed in position, rather than being normally mobile, the result is a conductive hearing loss .
Surgical treatment of LUTS can include: Ablation procedures – used in treating both bladder tumours [22] and bladder outlet obstruction, such as prostate conditions. [23] Bladder-neck incision (BNI) Removal of the prostate – open, robotic, and endoscopic techniques are used. Stenting of the prostate [24] and urethra.
Bladder cancer is much more common in men than women; around 1.1% of men and 0.27% of women develop bladder cancer. [2] This makes bladder cancer the sixth most common cancer in men, and the seventeenth in women. [69] When women are diagnosed with bladder cancer, they tend to have more advanced disease and consequently a poorer prognosis. [69]
Cystoscopy is endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra. It is carried out with a cystoscope. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The cystoscope has lenses like a telescope or microscope.
Endoscopy may be used to investigate symptoms in the digestive system including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, and gastrointestinal bleeding. [6] It is also used in diagnosis, most commonly by performing a biopsy to check for conditions such as anemia , bleeding, inflammation , and cancers of the digestive system . [ 6 ]
It is a type of cancer that develops in the urinary system: the kidney, urinary bladder, and accessory organs. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common type of bladder cancer and cancer of the ureter, urethra, renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra and urachus.
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