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The graviton must be a spin-2 boson because the source of gravitation is the stress–energy tensor, a second-order tensor (compared with electromagnetism's spin-1 photon, the source of which is the four-current, a first-order tensor). Additionally, it can be shown that any massless spin-2 field would give rise to a force indistinguishable from ...
The finite group notation used is: Z n: cyclic group of order n, D n: dihedral group isomorphic to the symmetry group of an n–sided regular polygon, S n: symmetric group on n letters, and A n: alternating group on n letters. The character tables then follow for all groups.
Each group is named by Small Groups library as G o i, where o is the order of the group, and i is the index used to label the group within that order. Common group names: Z n: the cyclic group of order n (the notation C n is also used; it is isomorphic to the additive group of Z/nZ) Dih n: the dihedral group of order 2n (often the notation D n ...
Mesons named with the letter "f" are scalar mesons (as opposed to a pseudo-scalar meson), and mesons named with the letter "a" are axial-vector mesons (as opposed to an ordinary vector meson) a.k.a. an isoscalar vector meson, while the letters "b" and "h" refer to axial-vector mesons with positive parity, negative C-parity, and quantum numbers I G of 1 + and 0 − respectively.
Interactions between particles have been scrutinized for many centuries, and a few simple laws underpin how particles behave in collisions and interactions. The most fundamental of these are the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum , which let us make calculations of particle interactions on scales of magnitude that range ...
Fermions are classified based on how they interact, which is determined by the charges they carry, into two groups: quarks and leptons. Within each group, pairs of particles that exhibit similar physical behaviors are then grouped into generations (see the table). Each member of a generation has a greater mass than the corresponding particle of ...
The particles are held very close to each other. Amorphous solid: A solid in which there is no far-range order of the positions of the atoms. Crystalline solid: A solid in which atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in regular order. Quasicrystal: A solid in which the positions of the atoms have long-range order, but this is not in a repeating ...
The superscript doesn't give any additional information about symmetry elements of the space group, but is instead related to the order in which Schoenflies derived the space groups. This is sometimes supplemented with a symbol of the form Γ x y {\displaystyle \Gamma _{x}^{y}} which specifies the Bravais lattice.