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Stephen Wolfram was born in London in 1959 to Hugo and Sybil Wolfram, both German Jewish refugees to the United Kingdom. [10] His maternal grandmother was British psychoanalyst Kate Friedlander . Wolfram's father, Hugo Wolfram , was a textile manufacturer and served as managing director of the Lurex Company—makers of the fabric Lurex . [ 11 ]
The idea demonstrates that there are occurrences where theory's predictions are effectively not possible. Wolfram states several phenomena are normally computationally irreducible [ 1 ] . Computational irreducibility explains why many natural systems are hard to predict or simulate.
The basic subject of Wolfram's "new kind of science" is the study of simple abstract rules—essentially, elementary computer programs.In almost any class of a computational system, one very quickly finds instances of great complexity among its simplest cases (after a time series of multiple iterative loops, applying the same simple set of rules on itself, similar to a self-reinforcing cycle ...
A physicist considers whether artificial intelligence can fix science, regulation, and innovation.
In another style of hypergraph visualization, the subdivision model of hypergraph drawing, [25] the plane is subdivided into regions, each of which represents a single vertex of the hypergraph. The hyperedges of the hypergraph are represented by contiguous subsets of these regions, which may be indicated by coloring, by drawing outlines around ...
For instance, a hypergraph whose edges all have size k is called k-uniform. (A 2-uniform hypergraph is a graph). In hypergraph theory, it is often natural to require that hypergraphs be k-uniform. Every graph is the line graph of some hypergraph, but, given a fixed edge size k, not every graph is a line graph of some k-uniform hypergraph.
Rule 30 is an elementary cellular automaton introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983. [2] Using Wolfram's classification scheme , Rule 30 is a Class III rule, displaying aperiodic, chaotic behaviour. This rule is of particular interest because it produces complex, seemingly random patterns from simple, well-defined rules.
Better discrepancy bounds can be attained when the hypergraph has a bounded degree, that is, each vertex of is contained in at most t edges, for some small t. In particular: In particular: Beck and Fiala [ 8 ] proved that disc ( H ) < 2 t {\displaystyle \operatorname {disc} ({\mathcal {H}})<2t} ; this is known as the Beck–Fiala theorem .