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GM-CSF also has some effects on mature cells of the immune system. These include, for example, enhancing neutrophil migration and causing an alteration of the receptors expressed on the cells surface. [7] GM-CSF signals via signal transducer and activator of transcription, STAT5. [8] In macrophages, it has also been shown to signal via STAT3 ...
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.
Their main effector cytokines are IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22, [9] as well as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor . IL-17 family cytokines (IL-17A and IL-17F) target innate immune cells and epithelial cells, among others, to produce G-CSF and IL-8 (CXCL8), which leads to neutrophil production and recruitment.
The name "colony-stimulating factors" comes from the method by which they were discovered. Hematopoietic stem cells were cultured (see cell culture) on a so-called semisolid matrix, which prevents cells from moving around, so that, if a single cell starts proliferating, all of the cells derived from it will remain clustered around the spot in the matrix where the first cell was originally located.
The first signal is stimulation by M-CSF, GM-CSF, PGE2, adenosine, glucocorticoid, or apoptotic cells. [9] [18] The second signal can be stimulation with cytokines or toll-like receptor ligands. The first signal promotes the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages and the second signal promotes immunosuppressive functions. [8]
In contrast to M-CSF and G-CSF which are lineage specific, GM-CSF and its receptor play a role in earlier stages of development. The receptor is primarily located on neutrophils , eosinophils and monocytes / macrophages , it is also on CD34+ progenitor cells ( myeloblasts ) and precursors for erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages, but only in ...
The colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), is a secreted cytokine which causes hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types. Eukaryotic cells also produce M-CSF in order to combat intercellular viral infection.
CFU-GM (Colony Forming Unit–Granulocyte–Macrophage [a]), also known as granulocyte–macrophage progenitor (GMP), is a colony forming unit. It is derived from CFU-GEMM. It is the precursor for monoblasts and myeloblasts. Production is stimulated by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).