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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), P-30 antigen, is a glycoprotein enzyme encoded in humans by the KLK3 gene.PSA is a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family and is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland in men and the paraurethral glands in women.
The American Urological Association recommends that you get a baseline PSA test between ages 45 and 50, but screening can start at age 40 for those at a higher risk for prostate cancer, such as ...
After prostatectomy or radiotherapy, those who have a short time between treatment and a subsequent rise in PSA levels, or quickly rising PSA levels are more likely to die from their cancers. [54] Castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer is incurable, [ 82 ] and kills a majority of those whose disease reaches this stage.
After surgery or radiation therapy, PSA may start to rise again, which is called biochemical recurrence if a certain threshold is met in PSA levels (typically 0.1 or 0.2 ng/ml for surgery). At 10 years of follow-up after surgery, there is an overall risk of biochemical recurrence of 30–50%, depending on the initial risk state, and salvage ...
Female ejaculate may result from sexual activity for some women, especially during orgasm. [3] [4] In addition to PSA and acid phosphatase, Skene's gland fluid contains high concentrations of glucose and fructose. [3] In an amount of a few milliliters, fluid is secreted from these glands when stimulated from inside the vagina.
Although the role of surgery in these patients remains uncertain, those with high-risk disease are usually treated with radiotherapy and a long duration of hormonal ablation. Many high-risk patients are not cured by this treatment, and the search for better treatments in this group is a particularly pressing concern in prostate cancer research.
PSA based screening and treatment of prostate cancer at a localized stage can prevent prostate cancer death for some men. [ 7 ] [ 10 ] However, if curative intervention is the downstream consequence of every screen detected prostate cancer, a large proportion of men will undergo unnecessary treatment and experience functional declines in ...
PSA screening is controversial as PSA may become elevated due to non-cancerous conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), by infection, or by manipulation of the prostate during surgery or catheterization. Additionally many prostate cancers detected by screening develop so slowly that they would not cause problems during a man's ...