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Double predestination is the idea that not only does God choose some to be saved, he also creates some people who will be damned. [ 10 ] Some modern Calvinists respond to the ethical dilemma of double predestination by explaining that God's active predestination is only for the elect.
Catholic scholars tend to deny Augustine held double predestination while some Protestants and secular scholars have held that Augustine did believe in it. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Current scholarly debates suggest that this doctrine is at least implied by his later thought.
The doctrine of predestination "does not stand at the beginning of the dogmatic system as it does in Zwingli or Beza", but, according to Fahlbusch, it "does tend to burst through the soteriological-Christological framework." [24] In contrast to some other Protestant Reformers, Calvin taught double predestination.
Later a monastic movement in southern Gaul (modern-day France) also sought to explain predestination in light of God's foreknowledge, but a flurry of writings from Augustine (Grace and Free Will, Correction and Grace, The Predestination of the Saints and The Gift of Perseverance) helped maintain the papal authority of his doctrines.
Unconditional election (also called sovereign election [1] or unconditional grace) is a Calvinist doctrine relating to predestination that describes the actions and motives of God prior to his creation of the world, when he predestined some people to receive salvation, the elect, and the rest he left to continue in their sins and receive the just punishment, eternal damnation, for their ...
Double predestination, or the double decree, is the doctrine that God actively reprobates, or decrees damnation of some, as well as salvation for those whom he has elected. During the Protestant Reformation John Calvin held this double predestinarian view: [ 82 ] [ 83 ] "By predestination we mean the eternal decree of God, by which he ...
Though the explicit teaching of double predestination by Augustine is debated, [94] [95] it is at least implied. [ 96 ] According to Nelson, Pelagianism is a solution to the problem of evil that invokes libertarian free will as both the cause of human suffering and a sufficient good to justify it. [ 97 ]
Another key figure, Sebastian Castellio (1515–1563), who opposed Calvin's views on predestination and religious intolerance, is known to have influenced both the Mennonites and certain theologians within Arminius’s circle. [7] Early critics of Arminians even cited Castellio as a primary inspiration behind the Arminian movement. [8]