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Load factor (aeronautics) In aeronautics, the load factor is the ratio of the lift of an aircraft to its weight [1][2]: § 5.22 and represents a global measure of the stress ("load") to which the structure of the aircraft is subjected: where. is the weight. Since the load factor is the ratio of two forces, it is dimensionless.
Specifically, the load factor is the dimensionless ratio of passenger-kilometres travelled to seat-kilometres available. For example, say that on a particular day an airline makes 5 scheduled flights, each of which travels 200 kilometers and has 100 seats, and sells 60 tickets for each flight.
The flight mode of normal law provides five types of protection: pitch attitude, load factor limitations, high speed, high-AOA and bank angle. Flight mode is operational from take-off, until shortly before the aircraft lands, around 100 feet above ground level. It can be lost prematurely as a result of pilot commands or system failures.
FMS (Flight Management System) Honeywell on Boeing 767–300 A flight management system (FMS) is a fundamental component of a modern airliner's avionics.An FMS is a specialized computer system that automates a wide variety of in-flight tasks, reducing the workload on the flight crew to the point that modern civilian aircraft no longer carry flight engineers or navigators.
In aerodynamics, the flight envelope, service envelope, or performance envelope of an aircraft or spacecraft refers to the capabilities of a design in terms of airspeed and load factor or atmospheric density, often simplified to altitude. [1][2] The term is somewhat loosely applied, and can also refer to other measurements such as maneuverability.
The total load factor required to maintain level flight is directly related to the bank angle. This means that for a given airspeed, level flight can only be maintained up to a certain given angle of bank. Beyond this angle of bank, the aircraft will suffer an accelerated stall if the pilot attempts to generate enough lift to maintain level flight.
Yield management allows the optimization of the load factor, benefiting the fuel efficiency, as is the air traffic management optimization. [38] By taking advantage of wake updraft like migrating birds , Airbus believes an aircraft can save 5-10% of fuel by flying in formation, 1.5–2 nmi (2.8–3.7 km) behind the preceding one. [39]
t. e. The Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) is a flight stabilizing feature developed by Boeing that became notorious for its role in two fatal accidents of the 737 MAX in 2018 and 2019, which killed all 346 passengers and crew among both flights. Because the CFM International LEAP engine used on the 737 MAX was larger and ...