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Evolutionary game theory differs from classical game theory in focusing more on the dynamics of strategy change. [2] This is influenced by the frequency of the competing strategies in the population. [3] Evolutionary game theory has helped to explain the basis of altruistic behaviours in Darwinian evolution.
Evolutionarily stable strategies were defined and introduced by John Maynard Smith and George R. Price in a 1973 Nature paper. [2] Such was the time taken in peer-reviewing the paper for Nature that this was preceded by a 1972 essay by Maynard Smith in a book of essays titled On Evolution. [1]
Evolutionary game theory – Application of game theory to evolving populations in biology; Evolutionary graph theory – Approach to studying how topology affects evolution of a population; Evolutionary invasion analysis – Mathematical modeling of phenotypic evolution; Largest-scale trends in evolution – Limits of increased complexity over ...
The proportion of extinct large mammal species (more than or equal to 10 kg (22 lb)) in each country during the last 132,000 years, only counting extinctions earlier than 1000 years BP. The Late Pleistocene saw the extinction of many mammals weighing more than 40 kilograms (88 lb), including around 80% of mammals over 1 tonne.
"Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place." — Lewis Carroll [4]. In 1973, Leigh Van Valen proposed the hypothesis as an "explanatory tangent" to explain the "law of extinction" known as "Van Valen's law", [1] which states that the probability of extinction does not depend on the lifetime of the species or higher-rank taxon, instead being constant ...
However, complicated interactions between animals have required the use of more complex economic models such as the Nash equilibrium. The Nash equilibrium is a type of non-cooperative game theory that assumes an individual's decision is influenced by its knowledge of the strategies of other individuals. This theory was novel because it took ...
[86] [87] Thomas Jefferson was a firm supporter of the great chain of being and an opponent of extinction, [86] [88] famously denying the extinction of the woolly mammoth on the grounds that nature never allows a race of animals to become extinct. [89] A series of fossils were discovered in the late 17th century that appeared unlike any living ...
In biology and game theory, the Sir Philip Sidney game is used as a model for the evolution and maintenance of informative communication between relatives. Developed by John Maynard Smith as a model for chick begging behavior, it has been studied extensively including the development of many modified versions.