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Since API gravity is an inverse measure of a liquid's density relative to that of water, it can be calculated by first dividing the liquid's density by the density of water at a base temperature (usually 60 °F) to compute Specific Gravity (SG), then converting the Specific Gravity to Degrees API as follows: = =
The density varies with temperature, but not linearly: as the temperature increases, the density rises to a peak at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F) and then decreases; [33] the initial increase is unusual because most liquids undergo thermal expansion so that the density only decreases as a function of temperature.
Data in the table above is given for water–steam equilibria at various temperatures over the entire temperature range at which liquid water can exist. Pressure of the equilibrium is given in the second column in kPa. The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water at 0 °C.
A centimetre of water [1] is a unit of pressure. It may be defined as the pressure exerted by a column of water of 1 cm in height at 4 °C (temperature of maximum density) at the standard acceleration of gravity, so that 1 cmH 2 O (4°C) = 999.9720 kg/m 3 × 9.80665 m/s 2 × 1 cm = 98.063754138 Pa ≈ 98.0638 Pa, but conventionally a nominal maximum water density of 1000 kg/m 3 is used, giving ...
The electronic conductivity of purified distilled water in electrochemical laboratory settings at room temperature is often between 0.05 and 1 μS/cm. Environmental influences during the preparation of salt solutions as gas absorption due to storing the water in an unsealed beaker may immediately increase the conductivity from 0.055 μS/cm and ...
Ultrapure water (UPW), high-purity water or highly purified water (HPW) is water that has been purified to uncommonly stringent specifications. Ultrapure water is a term commonly used in manufacturing to emphasize the fact that the water is treated to the highest levels of purity for all contaminant types, including organic and inorganic compounds, dissolved and particulate matter, and ...
Baumé degrees (light) was calibrated with 0 °Bé (light) being the density of 10% NaCl in water by mass and 10 °Bé (light) set to the density of water. Consider, at near room temperature: +100 °Bé (specific gravity, 3.325) would be among the densest fluids known (except some liquid metals), such as diiodomethane .
where (,,) is the specific volume, is the pressure, is the salinity, is the temperature, and is the specific volume when =, and ,, are parameters that can be fit to experimental data. The Tumlirz–Tammann version of the Tait equation for fresh water, i.e., when S = 0 {\displaystyle S=0} , is