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The fuzzy pay-off method for real option valuation (FPOM or pay-off method) [1] is a method for valuing real options, developed by Mikael Collan, Robert Fullér, and József Mezei; and published in 2009. It is based on the use of fuzzy logic and fuzzy numbers for the creation of the possible pay-off distribution of a project (real
Real options valuation, also often termed real options analysis, [1] (ROV or ROA) applies option valuation techniques to capital budgeting decisions. [2] A real option itself, is the right—but not the obligation—to undertake certain business initiatives, such as deferring, abandoning, expanding, staging, or contracting a capital investment project. [3]
Fig. 1 Typical project cash flow with uncertainty. The mathematical equation for the DM Method is shown below. The method captures the real option value by discounting the distribution of operating profits at R, the market risk rate, and discounting the distribution of the discretionary investment at r, risk-free rate, before the expected payoff is calculated.
A significant gauge of the level of options market data is messages per second (MPS), which is the number of messages (i.e., options trade and quote data) reported to OPRA by the options exchanges during any given second of a trading day. Data volume has increased dramatically since the early 1990s, as illustrated in the following table. [2] [3 ...
An open API (often referred to as a public API) is a publicly available application programming interface that provides developers with programmatic access to a (possibly proprietary) software application or web service. [1] Open APIs are APIs that are published on the internet and are free to access by consumers. [2]
The majority of financial data vendors can access data during trading sessions but with the requirement that any inquiry be in reference to historical market analysis. [10] Analysis of historical market data provides a larger snapshot of the market at the expense of timely information (time inbetween database updates).
In finance, a price (premium) is paid or received for purchasing or selling options.This article discusses the calculation of this premium in general. For further detail, see: Mathematical finance § Derivatives pricing: the Q world for discussion of the mathematics; Financial engineering for the implementation; as well as Financial modeling § Quantitative finance generally.
Toad is a database management toolset from Quest Software for managing relational and non-relational databases using SQL aimed at database developers, database administrators, and data analysts. The Toad toolset runs against Oracle, SQL Server, IBM DB2 (LUW & z/OS), SAP and MySQL. A Toad product for data preparation supports many data platforms.