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The suffix -illo/-illa is especially common as a diminutive in Andalusia and southern Spain more generally. [86] [85] In the Spanishes spoken in the Americas, however, -illo often also carries a pejorative connotations. [87] The noun hombrecillo, for example, can be glossed as 'insignificant little man'.
According to the Occitan scenario, advanced by Rafael Lapesa, [4] the Spanish borrowed the Occitan name for themselves, which was the name España plus the diminutive suffix -ol, from the Latin-olus. The Occitan influence is inferred because in Castilian the same Latin suffix would have produced * españuelo rather than español .
The variants -(z)ito and -(z)ita, direct analogues of Spanish -(c)ito and -(c)ita, are also common in some regions. The forms with a z are normally added to words that end in stressed vowels, such as café → cafezinho. Some nouns have slightly irregular diminutives. Noun diminutives are widely used in the vernacular.
-ema (Suffix of Frisian origin, given by Napoleon Bonaparte who used suffixes like these to keep a record of people's origins within the Netherlands) [citation needed]-ems [citation needed]-ėnas (Lithuanian) "son of" [citation needed]-enko , -enka/-anka "son of" [citation needed]
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The word armadillo means "little armored one" in Spanish; [2] [3] it is derived from "armadura" (armor), with the diminutive suffix "-illo" attached. While the phrase "little armored one" would translate to "armadito" normally, the suffix "-illo" can be used in place of "-ito" when the diminutive is used in an approximative tense. [4]
When the final consonants in these endings are dropped, the result is -u for both; this became -o in Spanish. However, a word like Latin iste had the neuter istud; the former became este and the latter became esto in Spanish. Another sign that Spanish once had a grammatical neuter exists in words that derive from neuter plurals.