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Motivation towards Achievement and Success [10] (formerly Masculinity vs. femininity). MAS: In this dimension, masculinity is defined as "a preference in society for achievement, heroism, assertiveness, and material rewards for success." Its counterpart represents "a preference for cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak, and quality of life."
In the United States, boys are often homosocial, [33] and gender role performance determines social rank. [34] While homosexual boys receive the same enculturation, they are far less compliant. Martin Levine says: Harry (1982, 51–52), for example, found that 42 percent of his gay respondents were 'sissies' during childhood.
Femininity (also called womanliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with women and girls. Femininity can be understood as socially constructed, [1] [2] and there is also some evidence that some behaviors considered feminine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors.
Instead, the priority of masculinity sought to exclude and undermine femininity, resulting in the sexual subjugation of women; the persecution of same-sex desiring men, women, and trans people ...
The academic study of masculinity received increased attention during the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the number of courses on the subject in the United States rising from 30 to over 300. [14] This has sparked investigation of the intersection of masculinity with concepts from other fields, such as the social construction of gender ...
Another interesting phenomenon has been the practice of wearing high heels, which shifted from a masculine fashion to a feminine fashion over time. In the United States, the ideal body image and dimensions have changed for both women and men, with the body ideal female body shape becoming progressively slimmer and the body ideal for men ...
Traditionally, masculinity has come with a societal expectation of keeping a wall between yourself and others. Rethinking the limitations of masculinity may make a difference.
Today’s hegemonic masculinity in the United States of America and Europe includes a high degree of ruthless competition, an inability to express emotions other than anger, an unwillingness to admit weakness or dependency, devaluation of women and all feminine attributes in men, homophobia, and so forth. [6]