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Most rings have been discovered in the radio range. The degree of completeness needed for an image seen through a gravitational lens to qualify as an Einstein ring is yet to be defined. The first Einstein ring was discovered by Hewitt et al. (1988), who observed the radio source MG1131+0456 using the Very Large Array.
The Einstein radius is the radius of an Einstein ring, and is a characteristic angle for gravitational lensing in general, as typical distances between images in gravitational lensing are of the order of the Einstein radius.
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A light source passes behind a gravitational lens (invisible point mass placed in the center of the image). The aqua circle is the light source as it would be seen if there were no lens, while white spots are the multiple images of the source (see Einstein ring).
Strong gravitational lensing is a gravitational lensing effect that is strong enough to produce multiple images, arcs, or Einstein rings. Generally, for strong lensing to occur, the projected lens mass density must be greater than the critical density, that is . For point-like background sources, there will be multiple images; for extended ...
A new photograph from the Hubble Space Telescope shows a stunning “Einstein Ring” billions of light-years from Earth — a phenomenon named after Albert Einstein.
Relativistic Einstein rings are ringed shaped images occurring due to light deflection ^ > when the light source, the lens (the deflector), and the observer are perfectly aligned. Obviously, relativistic Einstein rings are relativistic images for the case when the source, lens, and observer are aligned.
An Einstein ring is created when light from a galaxy or star passes by a massive object en route to the Earth. "Smiley" image of galaxy cluster (SDSS J1038+4849) & gravitational lensing (an Einstein ring ) ( HST ).